![]() ![]() The complex of FK506BP and rapamycin plays a role as inhibitor of mTORC1 activation which, in turn, leads to suppression of cell growth via regulation of cell signaling in various cells, including cancer cells ( 30– 32).Īlthough FK506BP has multiple potent therapeutic functions, it is limited for therapeutic application since it is very low delivery efficiency. In addition, other studies have shown that FK506BP has protective effects in neurodegenerative processes and apoptotic neuronal cell death in diseases, including Parkinson’s diseases, suggesting that FKBP plays important roles in cell survival and may provide a new therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases ( 23– 29). ![]() FK506BP performs multiple functions in cells e.g., protein folding, regulation of calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin (CaN) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) ( 21, 22). In addition, other studies have shown that phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, mTOR, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways markedly inhibited cancer cell proliferation and growth, suggesting that understanding of these mechanisms may contribute to the development of drugs for the inhibition of cell proliferation and growth ( 17– 20).įK506 binding protein 12 (FK506BP), one of the FKBP family of proteins, is a major immunophilin protein and demonstrates peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) activity ( 21). Therefore, the regulation of mTOR activation is important in the development of therapeutic strategies for PKD treatment ( 13– 16). The collective evidence suggests that the common feature of PKD is mTOR activation. It has been shown that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Akt signaling play important roles in the pathophysiology of PKD via increased mTOR activation in both human PKD and animal models. Although the exact mechanisms of cyst formation in PKD are not clear yet, recent studies have demonstrated that various factors, including cytokines, growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM) components and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contribute significantly to cell proliferation and cyst formation in human patients and animal models of PKD ( 4, 7– 12). ARPKD is caused by a PKHD1 gene mutation and affects one in 20,000 children ( 4– 6). ADPKD is the most highly prevalent inherited disorder caused by either PKD1 or PKD2 gene mutations and affects one in 1000 adults. ![]() Two major PKD subtypes have been identified i.e, autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD). © drawingclouds.Polycystic kidney disease (PKD), one of the most common genetic kidney disorders, is characterized by progressive cyst formation and development of fluid-filled cysts in the kidney, ultimately leading to end-stage kidney disease ( 1– 3). © Nikola Lazarevic Create a Mix Retro and Vector Poster in Photoshop and Illustrator © Sebastiano Make a Retro Space Themed Poster in Photoshop © Tyler Denis Design a Grunge Vintage Poster in Photoshop © Wojciech Pijecki Make a Vintage Planetary Landscape Poster in Photoshop © Johnson Koh Create an Explosive Cover with Precise Photo Manipulation Techniques © Brian Yerkes Create Powerball Effect for Movie Poster © Mark Mayers Mercedes Benz Poster and Postcard Design in Photoshop © Johnson Koh How to Create a Horrific Zombie Poster with Photoshop and 3D Renders © DigitalArts Make yourself an Amazing Typographic Portrait © Rick Davidson Create abstract poster effects ![]() © Joe Photoshop Indiana Jones Poster Tutorial © Cpotorac Create a Black Swan Inspired Movie Poster © Alex Beltechi Designing a war movie poster © Patrick Monkel Create an Intense Movie Poster in Photoshop Do you want to create your own poster? Then you should definetely take a look at this showcase of 30 amazing poster tutorials for Adobe Photoshop. Posters are very popular and serve as individual decorations in kids rooms and recreation rooms. Tutorials for your own hollywood movie posters ![]()
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